Cough And Airways Inflammation Biomarkers Health And Social Care Essay

The term pneumonic diseases refers to many upsets impacting drumheadly the lungs. The chief pneumonic upsets are asthma attack, continuing clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) including pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis, infective lung diseases like grippe, pneumonia and TB, lung malignant neoplastic disease and forty winks apnoea.Chronic CoughA spit out that persists more than 3 hebdomads major power be chronic and if did non decide it pass on be a communal job.For many people a chronic spit up give notice be more than an irritation. Sing that a chronic coughing up out could last hebdomads or even months it throne be physically wash uping, rout out anguish and rag friends, household, work co-workers. Beside the societal facet it can besides drop off a individual s slumber, taking to daytime drowsiness and damage public hand overation. It whitethorn look as a comparatively meek status, but it may hold major reverberations.From a pathological bear down o f position cough consequences from two mechanisms1. Stimulation of centripetal nervousnesss in the respiratory epithelial tissue by secernments, fume, foreign organic structures and tumors.2. Sensitization of the cough physiological reaction in which there is an addition in the sensitivity of the cough receptors, incontrovertible by inspiration of the tussive agent s capsaicin, citric acid or low chloride solutions.Chronic cough is presented clinically as a titillating esthesis in the throat with fits of coughing induced by alterations in the temperature of the air, aromas, sp jibes and coffin nail fume.The most common travails for chronic cough in a non-smoker with a normal thorax X ray are viral infections, oesophageal ebbing, station nasal trickle, asthma, idiopathic cough and angiotensin change overing enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors.Less common causes include upsets of the pericardium, congestive compress failure, upsets of the upper air passages, interstitial lung disease, chron ic pneumonic infections ( e.g. , TB ) , cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, and even upsets with psychogenetic beginning.Postnasal Drip Syndrome is the most common cause of chronic cough. It is characterised by frequent nasal discharge, esthesis of drainage in the rachis of the pharynx and cough due to throat glade. On physical scrutiny can be noticed a unsmooth visual aspect of the dorsum of the pharynx. Sinus x-rays or sinus CT ( computed imaging ) scan may demo grounds of sinusitis. Causes of postnasal trickle include sinusitis, allergic coryza, and vasomotor coryza.It is normally treated with decongestants and antihistamines, with or without rhinal steroid sprays, a vasoconstrictive such(prenominal) as oxymetalazone, plus antibiotics for the sinusitis. Chronic cough due to postnasal trickle may take a a few(prenominal)er hebdomads to a twosome of months to decide or even longer.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ( GERD ) is another common cause of chronic cough. The diagnosing may be curbed from the medical history patients a great deal kicking of frequent pyrosis or rancid gustatory virtuoso in the oral cavity. Nevertheless a great proportion of patients present with GERD do non show with the authoritative symptoms and their lone symptom is the cough. If the pH in the gorge falls below a certain degree, acid is refluxing from the tummy, so the pH in the gorge has to be measured utilizing a 24 hr oesophageal investigation. If this is non performed another diagnostic discharge is the therapy directed at reflux and if the cough resolves this is a verification of the diagnosing. The intervention for GERD is simple including a few simple instructions lift of the caput of the bed non eating or imbibing 2 to 3 hours before bedtime and avoiding certain nutrients ( fatty nutrients, cocoa, intoxicant, orange juice, and caffeine ) every bit good as cut belt down acerb production in the tummy utilizing proton pump inhibitors.Var iant asthma is symptomless except for the cough, being really hard to name as the physical scrutiny and the pneumonic map tribulations can be normal. installing of coughing can be due to smoke, aromas, cold air, exercising or beta-blockers. Confirmation of the diagnosing of cough-variant asthma may include a breathing trial called a Mecholyl bronchial challenge trial.ACE Inhibitors can stand for another cause of chronic cough and the diagnosing can be made extinguishing the usage of the drug for a few yearss up to 4 hebdomads, every bit good as comeback of cough when the drug is used once more.AimThe aim of this trade union movement is to happen a correlativity between lung map trials and spotless cough rate utilizing a patented aim and subjective showing trials.Purposes To poll the association between cough and the degree of lung inflammatory marker nitric Oxide ( NO ) in patients with chronic cough. The correlativity between lung map trials and entire cough rate utilizing a patented nonsubjective testing trial ( cough get toing system ) .HypothesisHarmonizing to the scientific literature exhaled nitrous oxide with a value over 25 ppb is an index of possibility of growth asthma and harmonizing to. Zeidler on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in the appraisal of asthma print on Medscape in 2002, the eNO can be used as a tool in naming topics suspected of holding asthma. Furthermore a survey conducted by Aaron Deykin and his co-workers Exhaled azotic oxide as a diagnostic trial for asthma , published in 2002, stated that fractional exhaled azotic oxide ( FeNO ) is characteristically elevated in patients enduring from asthma.Ethical motivesAll participant patients will be asked to subscribe a consent signifier and letters shall be sent to their Gps and other doctors involved in an ongoing patient attention.An good blessing will be obtained from the local research moralss commission.Health and natural rubberRisk appraisal for this undertaking will be done in conformity with COSHH ( Control of Substances Hazardous to Health ) Regulations and hospital ain regulations.Methodology-Subjects enlisting100 healthy non-smoking topics without a history of important chronic respiratory disease will be recruited from the third referral cough clinic held at Leighton Hospital, where they will be approached and the undertaking will be explained.The subjects inclusion standards are oer 18 old ages old, Chronic dry cough for more than 8 hebdomads continuance Convention CXR Convention lung mapThe topics exclusion standards are f number berth respiratory tract infection within the last 4 hebdomads Current tobacco users Pregnancy-Opiate medicine / ACE inhibitor usage Diabetes MellitusOn the twenty-four hours of the trial patients will be advised non to take caffeine or any bronchodilators.Trial order and survey DesignThese physiological trials are performed in order of non-invasiveness, get downing with the simplest one, for non impacting the undermentio ned trials. cartridge holder graduated tableUndertaking continuance is 1 twelvemonth-The first off trial to be conducted on the campaigners is the Exhaled Nitric Oxide ( eNO ) 3 halituss per patient should be recorded. With each measuring the patient is asked to expire for 10sec. The measuring range is to obtain an mean FENO value- fixed flow rate during exhaled azotic oxide- which is indicated in part per billion.-The other trial to be performed on the topics is the mechanization cough recording.The Manchester cough journal ( MCD ) is an ambulatory digital cough entering device to enter entire cough during 24 hours, by lodging 2 sensing element mikes to the topic thorax. Then we manually count and analyse the coughs in a particular computing machine programme called Cool edit 2000.statistical analysisAll the collected informations will be analysed by Spearman s correlativity trial utilizing ( SPSS ) Version 15.0 and Minitab 15 statistical solution meek were to verify the variab les. Parametric and nonparametric informations are traveling to be presented as average and inter quartile scope ( IQR ) and P value less than 0.05will be considered important.The statistical informations will be analysed and plan into a graph as entire cough rate against eNO values. Other two graphs are plotted as the frequence of the entire cough rate against the twenty-four hours cough rate ( cr twenty-four hours ) and the distressing cough ( cr dark ) .

Marketing Mix Dell

marketing opporunities & marketing MIX ASSIGNMENT LENOVO VS DELL BRANDS LenovoThe corporation was founded in 1984 by a group of eleven engineers, headed by Liu Chuanzhi, in Beijing. This company had become the biggest PC manufacturer of domestic and distributed third party products through its wholesale occupancy. Today,these cardinal companies lenovo and IBM ar united under the Lenovo name. With Lenovos landmark acquisition of IBMs Personal reckon Division in May 2005, the peeled Lenovo is a leader in the global PC market and products serving enterprises and consumers the world over.delldell computing machine was founded as PCs Limited in 1984 by university student Michael Dell. The company was so achievementful that within two years PCs Limited had dissemination offices in Europe, and changed its grammatically-incorrect name to Dell Computer Corporation. Selling assembled computers from his dormitory room, By 1991, seven years after selling its first computer, Dell Comput er Corporation was listed in the Fortune 500. Dell was one of the first companies to say computers for mail order via the Internet.The Dell Coupon program made some Internet models cheaper than other(a) brands, and continues to be popular to this day. MARKET SEGMENTS From homepage of Lenovo , we can see, in that location are two main part of his market segments Professional-grade and Lifestyle. Professional-grade like master of ceremonies computer , the top-level desktop and laptops. These products always make for the professional staff or hardcore players (hot game players). They are very expensive , more than xv thousands RMB. But lifestyles are cheaper and closed to our wallet .You can only net income ab unwrap five thousands RMB. To dell, they are divided into four levels. For home. For small and spiritualist business For public sector and For large enterprise. So we can chose the sound level that is perfect for us. From above-mentioned, we can see Dell is more finale than lenovo and so convenient that chose we need from their homepage. Lenovos computers on the main advantage reflected in the price for Chinas national conditions, but Dells computers main advantage is personalized for severally consumer to customize their computers.DELL is primarily betoken online marketing, so he relieve a lot of middle cost in the links, so if the aforesaid(prenominal) price DELL is better than the Lenovos . But Lenovo is the state-owned brand, he has the town level dealers , so warranty is more convenient . Even though dell and his similar products in the high cost, but he has fiddling dealers, and only at the provincial level can warranty. DISTRIBUTION some(prenominal) of them are global multinational corporations. They operate in the world, products are interchange in all countries. Lenovo is headquartered in New York, Purchase.Two main operations center set up in Beijing and North Carolina. The sales network of Lenovos throughout the world. Lenovo h as more than 19,000 employees in the world. Lenovo,the largest IT supplier of China, is making moves to merge its distribution channels nationwide to streamline its sales in retail sectors and spark profitability. Dell has 13 markets in the region to carry out linear order business at present. Including Australia, Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Macau, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand.Dells new plant in Xiamen, is the second production base in China. It is the ordinal largest market for Dell in the world and the fastest growing markets business development. PROMOTION Commercial desktops are likely to be the backbone of the multinational market Lenovo race, and China is the largest piece of experimental field. Lenovo has agents through the distribution to the provinces. by means of increased the influence of brand to cities to open up new markets.The success of Dells direct model is that the main factors first, rapid response, on-demand produc tion,Powerful order processing arrangement and production dodge Second, powerful data processing capabilities and advanced learning management technologies Third, the excellent customer servicing, strong call center go Fourth, a strong and efficient supply chain s Fifth, scummy cost and price wars. CONCLUSIONS Lenovos corporate culture is people-oriented. Lenovo believes that talent is the development of the plenteous forces.Therefore, the association proposed for each employee to provide equal development opportunities. Employees and business are interdependent and mutually reinforcing . Dells corporate culture, summed up by the company as Dell soul, which describes how Dell is a kind of company, it is the Dell service code of conduct for customers around the world, it eventually became Dells winning culture basis. release Lenovo is the mode of distribution . Dell is the direct model. Lenovos core idea the pursuance of individual employees into long-term development into t he enterprise.Dells core competencies No direct sales, direct sales model is based on low-cost operating system for parts supply and assembly of the implementation of capacity. Both the Lenovo or Dell are staring at each other tightly, while Lenovo is dawdle behind Dell now. Clearly, Dell and Lenovo are the real heart of the competitors of the other side. Lenovo is the leading of Asia-Pacific region, while the regions growth and development potential can not be ignored by Dell, dell is also focus on the global market. Lenovo make Dell feel more and more coerce . pic

Modern Life Essay

As beginning, tender beings must(prenominal)(prenominal) assure that news program is the dominant positionor on animals behaviors, attitude and conducts. Unfortunately, about people restrict animals level of noesis on same issues because of the fact that they ar suggesting totally attempts of animals shaped instinctively. spate must become conscious(p) to resign this physique of biases in that to daylights studies on animals point us animals have more intellect, contrary to common belief.Additionally, according to a stunning experiment of a recognized institute in Japan, a chimpanzee knows the food is hidden under a stone and range it effortless. Then, researches replace stone with a heaviest stone and the chimpanzee could not use up the food solely. If two chimpanzees know about food, they check up together. At first, they do not synchronize their collaboration in pulling the heaviest stone but eventually, they figure out reward of synchronizing to their pulling. Same experiment is once again performed with a human and ultimately, chimpanzee appeals for help from the human partner.What is more, observers beh quondam(a) elicit indications which is related to chimpanzees attitudes such as looking up at human partners face, vocalizing, and taking the partners hand for soliciting (Hirata, S. & Fuwa, K. , Chimpanzees analyze to act with separate individuals in a cooperative task, p. 13). These evidences withal presage that chimpanzees learn coordinate through trial and error method interchangeable a child or a domestic dog. Meanwhile, thither have been a lot of same studies and results on dogs which is mainly discussed in this paper as well.After all, people have to be convinced of animals intelligent and cognition skills. In the meantime, some people still have an idea whose children, hoar souls or disabled people should not be left alone(predicate) even with trained animals. To deal with this lack of confidence, such people must real ize the bargon facts in real deportment experiences with hold animals. tie in to this, the dog that may have done the most to shape the common conception of dogs and their intelligence was a character born in a short story written by Eric Knight in 1938, lass.Lassie, the adult males best known collie, was not only affectionate and gay dog but nearly was a human in her intelligence and understanding, doubtlessly. According to Stanley Coren, the author of The Intelligence of Dogs, reports that We believed that this dog (thus, by extrapolation, all dogs) could think, plan, sympathize, olfaction pain, have emotions of sorrow and joy, remember complex facts, and even plan acts of revenge (Stanley Coren, p. 10, paragraph 2).Most of the scenes people watched in the Lassie series, like when Lassie crawled under gunfire, sneaked through a tortuous maze of fallen electric wires, jumped out windows or leapt through the air to knock a distressing down, actually buttocks be seen in re lationships among people who be in desperate straits and their own dogs under some circumscribed situations. Many of us know about Jack London and are familiar with his wolf like sled dogs. In all these change of novels, the dogs had feelings, reasoning ability and intelligence.As an illustration, thither is a memorable persona which is an epic score in White Teeth Shep recognizes that his protector is in a danger situation. He must find help forthwith while beneficially wounded Dan lies on the snow. After that, he remembers an old trapper who had the shack in the valley. He recalls the old trapper had been course to him before. Then, he gives the same bark which he is everlastingly exploitation to tell Dan he is wide awake to work and starts across the snow to find the closest possibility of help. As it can be seen through these kinds of stories, having a friendly canine tooth in the land of living can mean two indications.They are a true blue friend and a survivor at ow ners extremity too. In do-gooder to social benefits of having assistance dogs, there are long amount of advantageous for disabled people in wheelchairs. Having a disablement often results in many soul-destroying statements most particularly if person is obliged to live on a wheelchair. Imagine such a person he or she always suffers from lack of confidence, social fundamental interaction with people in everyday life and also limiting independency. Then, unluckily this can go from bad to worse together leading depression, nakedness and isolated from society.Eileen Hobson who has a limiting of movement emphasizes the social benefits of having guide dog Because of him I have made many friends in the various lay that we go to. He is a great icebreaker, and now, wherever we go, people always want to stop and talk to me to ask about him (Jenny Moir, p. 331). Furthermore, considering a person with mobility impairment, it is not difficult to estimate the complexity of overcoming dail y backsets for them. For instance, dropping a key or a remote control on the floor, turn down to take a pair of slipper those are serious troubles for whom having paresis.At this point, trained dogs become guardian angel of people with wheelchair and kind of impairments. They can pick up the objects, open the doors and even, empty or gorge the dishwashers. Additionally, Claire Graham who faced with developed paralysis following a apparently simple virus summarize her life before the dog partner, Ulli, and afterward by My disability gradually got worse and I had to stop work and then she adds Since Ulli has been with me, not only has my physical health improved, but also emotionally I feel more positive, confident and not alone any more as I have Ulli with me every day (Jenny Moir, p. 332).Therefore, people must understand the importance of dogs and their inherent ability to make fundamental changes in our lives, as Jenny Moir, the researcher of relationships between canine partn ers, says in her article Assistance Dogs and Independent Living for Disabled People A canine partner or assistance dog can put the able back into the lives of people living with disabilities, and can kind of literally opens doors that would otherwise have been closed (Jenny Moir, p. 33). Although guide dogs for visually stricken people have long been accepted by the general public, there are some people who stand up for using robotic inspection and repair dogs.They assert that service dog robots are more advantageous than guide dogs. According to a survey in Japan, rate of visually incapacitate persons which take guide dogs is at too low percentage of % 10 nationwide (Development of a Guide-Dog Robot Leading and Recognizing a Visually-Handicapped Person using a LRF, p. 193). At the this point, such people claim that it is less thinkable to improve the repletion rate of guide dogs for handicapped persons in a short time period due to required long develop period in obtaining gu ide dogs (Development of a Guide-Dog Robot Leading and Recognizing a Visually-Handicapped Person using a LRF, p. 94). This is actually insufficient occasion because kind of robotic guide dogs are programmed generally under some particular hazard such as leading exploiters with consideration of users locomote zipper and detecting obstacles and dangers for its user. Hence, those programming issues not only need commodious amount of variants owing to disabled level or age legal separation of handicapped persons but also need high price.In addition to that guide dogs cost about 70 thousand dollars (Tom Ladyman, Can a robot be a safe and alternative to guide dogs? , videoscript). Moreover, there is some doubt for the guide dog robots in alerting and distinguishing between a stand still thief and a family heirloom urn. On the other hand, the program of leading users with consideration of users walking speed with the help of an autonomous maneuvering algorithm system integrated into robotic dogs has to vary from user to user and also off-roading and uneven surfaces .Additionally, if people consider battery life of robotics, a guide dog requires one meal a day and will keep working without it. Regarding memory, guide dogs quickly memorize all people normal routes and will take handicapped persons along them effortlessly. Therefore, it would be ridiculous replacing a super technological heap of microchips and sensors which are also deprived of emotion and affection with a dog. As a result, it clearly makes nonsense replacing modern guide dog robots with kind dogs.

Need for Keeping Records Essay

It is an obligation by law to delay and moderate records within the educational environment. The educational facility/environment are liable(p) to maintain various records as ultimately it serves one purpose and that is to be answerable and reasonable to keeping accurate records whilst providing important evidence to tide over the on-going achievement of educatee education and the legislation codes of the education setting. Within a learning context there are many reasons why we keep records, however below I carry given three examples peculiar(a) records.Identifying inevitably* If a scholar is to embark onto a breeding and precept in Schools Level 2 course he or she would pretend to premier(prenominal) complete an initial assessment before they begin the course.The first initial step would consist of completing an enrolment form with solely the required data such as next of kin, medical information and previous or current courses the learner has undertaken. A personal i nstruction of why you want to teach within a school would in addition need to be submitted with the enrolment application form as this would so determine the train during the selection process to ensure the learner has the indispensable skills, knowledge and experience.The information carried out would then enable the tutor to hold in a brief over view of the students baron and assess further more in an interview.During the process of the interview the tutor lead assess and conduct a functional skills test in literacy and numeracy, these tests are compulsory as they give an indication to the tutor of the direct of aliment you may need through the duration of the course and it overly gives the student a refresher of these skills as they may not have used functional skills in a long time, it is also a requirement to obtain a Level 1 before motion onto the course. The diagnostic test results are then fed back to the student on a one to one basis and should any support be req uired the identifying of the learners needs would then be met.Planning acquire* Once the learner has started the course and all his or her individual needs have been assessed the tutor can then create an Individual Learning Plan (IPL) for the student and himself as this would be an agreed strategy protrude for the student to document what he or she learnt from the tutors session and what support the learner may need to get from their tutor about the lesson they have exactly undertaken, in order to achieve the set criteria, this then allows the tutor to be uprised and organised- in how the lessons are managed and to identify where the learners are academically and helps the tutors to prepare for who may need extra support.IPLs are valuable records for students as well as tutors as this is a form of evidence of what is being achieved, strengths, weaknesses, track the fulfilment criteria of the course and setting individual targets.Assessing Learning* When a deference of work is made by a student, a introduce record is then kept, this allows the tutor to then be informed the submission of an assignment, for example the usage of the teaching/student portal Edmodo allows the tutor to modify what assignment needs to be in and then the student will follow suit and upload their assignment and wait for a return.The tracking of submission records ensures that everyone hands in the required work on time, assessed and returned with feedback.

The End of Privacy

Daniel Trejo English 1301 Threatening silence Nowadays is herculean or practic every last(predicate)y impossible for mostone to keep something secret that you upright do not want populate to jockey because it is something personal. Anybody brush off devil most or almost all of your development by exactly searching it on the lucre. It may not be something important to a lot of sight because they do not really think fertile about it but it is something that people should be concern about. Is it really The block up of Privacy? ? Or is there something we send away do about it and jibe the spread of our head-to-head information.Due to more people having technology wish jail cell phone cameras, audio recorders, and other recording technologies it is easier for them to record private flesh out about themselves. These people may later regret about doing much(prenominal) thing because what they recorded may end up on the internet for the whole world to see. Like what hap pened to the Star Wars Kid, who videotaped himself waving around a golf-ball retriever while pretending it was a light stabber (385). Insignifi enduret things analogous this can destroy your reputation redden your entire life.People suggest that if you find yourself in a situation like this there is pretty much slide fastener you can do about it. It would be better if people scantily would not record themselves doing such things to avoid the same thing hap to you. Social-networking sites and blogs also threat our privacy with people not even well-educated that these web sites keep and spread their private information with others. Daniel J. Solove calls the people growing up today Generation Google, because all of their personal and private information will reside on the internet forever (386).Nowadays most people have their own web sites such as Facebook and Twitter devising it easier for others to see and know more about your personal information. Web sites like these spread your personal information with other web sites without people even knowing it, thinking that their personal information is secure and only people they want may see it. I agree with what Solve thinks because anything that you station on the internet will stay there forever, having this in legal opinion people should be very c arful with what they post and do on the internet. On the other hand there is also the government that compromises privacy.For example, the home(a) Security Agency listens and examines the records of millions of telephone conversations every year (386). There ar also other government entities that keep records of personal information like births, marriages, employment, property ownership and more. These things atomic number 18 accessible to anyone by one simplistic search. some would argue that the government has no right to do this, that they are violating personal information. You cannot even call someone and have a private conversation with them becaus e you have these people listening to your conversation, which I find a little bit creepy.Is there something we can do to prevent future spread of personal information? Some technologists and scholars say no. As Scott McNealy once said, You already have zero privacy. Get over it (387). Some suggest that nowadays it is practically impossible for someone to start over, create their lives because everything is stored on the internet and you cannot simply delete it. There are some privacy laws that had been passed to try and protect people privacy but they do not really work. Due to privacy threats now cropping up, these laws have demonstrable in a way that is often ineffective against these threats.But there are some things that people can do to prevent the spread of all of their private information but the most important thing is to know what you are posting on the internet. Once your information is on the internet anything can happen. People should be careful on what they put onlin e because it can ruin your reputation. People nowadays based on your reputation can decide whether to make friends with you or businesses etc. Some suggest that this is the oddment of privacy, and that in the future it will grow into something bigger. You decide, is it really The End of Privacy? ? Some will argue that.

Critique the Proposal That Van Leer Has Prepared for Total Essay

First of all, the intent has identified everything that come was seeking to obtain. These were (1) the crush prices at each location based on the overall get volume for the group, (2) all quoted prices would be firm for matchless year, with a multi-year purpose including the escalation on cost of raw materials starting at the second year, (3) an yearbook rebate based on purchasing levels, and (4) suppliers were asked to include information on their quality assurance and drum collecting facilities.Secondly, every element of the proposal was clear, concise and straight to the point. However, to increase its effectiveness, the proposal may need to prize more on the TOTALs needs, demonstrating to TOTAL that wagon train sneer has a clear understanding of their situation. On the other hand, the proposal has succeeded in identifying the problem- that being the high cost of the proposed unit process in France and orthogonal of France. Thus, by offering rebates and establishing a c umulative discount policy on all purchasing in Europe, the problem of high unit be will be improved.Moreover, by providing information of their look Assurance programs and machinate Recovery and reconditioning program, their quality of services can be collaborated by both TOTAL and Van Leer. Assuming that TOTAL also has their own sets of Quality of Service policies, both parties will be able to negotiate with one a nonher and exchange their policies to an agreement and implement on it. The proposal however, does not show the method on how the negotiation will be conducted.This is of import in guaranteeing atomicity property in the process given that both parties argon honest throughout. If TOTAL declines Van Leers offer, it would best if Van Leer holds firm on its price they quoted instead of countering it with a decrement in price. This is because there is no use in putting their communication channel at risk of failure, endangering their operations survival. Furthermore, Va n Leer were not the only ones affected by the rise in price of trade name (15%), but other steel drum companies are also affected by it. Therefore, it is most likely that they were also forced to readjust their prices of steel. accordingly the chances of TOTAL switching suppliers were very slim unless the competition offered more corresponding international discounts, while maintaining existing commercialise prices- this too is very unbelievable due to the high rise in steel prices. Moreover, even if TOTAL were to decline the offer, Van Leer will still stand to be one of the worlds leading steel drum manufacturer- with market share of 37% in Europe in 1995, whilst Blagden, a British company, holding 35% and Gallay-Mauser with 12% market share.

Analysis of the opening sequence of ‘To kill a mocking bird’

The film portrays the purity and world of play of a tomboyish six year-old girl and her ten year-old brother, and their perception of their widowed attorney father. They also fantasise about an outsider who inhabits a mysterious hall in their neighbourhood. Abruptly brought out of their carefree world by their fathers less-traveled but courageous defence of a black man falsely accused of raping a Southern white woman. Although racism dooms the accused man, a prejudiced adult vengefully attacks the babyren on a dark darkness they are unexpectedly delivered from real harm in the films climax by the reclusive neighbour, Boo Radley.The source shot of the film contains the universal foreign globe spinning, along with a simplistic piano pilot. The piano solo loses us in a nestlings world, as the euphony has an element of innocence and simplicity. The camera wherefore pans to an overhead shot of a worn box. The simplistic, saucer-eyed music is so accompanied by the childs ef fort to make music of which is very basic. The interview is unaware of the gender of the child. However the childs nip gives the auditory modality the impression that it is a little girl, in that respectfore it may be scout.A young pair of hands appears to open the box revealing a collection of valued treasures, including crayons (new and used), a mechanical pencil, two carved clean doll figurines one male and one female, an old broken air hole watch, a skeleton key, a broken pocket knife, a medal, a few marbles, jacks, chalk and other minor objects. Each of these items are exclamatory, somewhat of these items are related to the storyline, for that reason the producer could fetch done this to leave alone the hearing a swift summary of the film, however their significance is not appreciated until the end.As she opens the box she sings, hums and giggles to herself, these gestures flow with the music. Its nearly as if the child is expressing her emotions though the music al lowing the hearing to relate more to her character.She then influence over lined paper with a round crayon, revealing the claim of the film in white letters, her tone sounding almost snug with the outcome. The camera circles slowly from left to right along various collections of carefully-arranged objects in magnified close-up.After viewing the possibility sequence numerous times. A black and a white striped marble are emphasised by the camera, leaving the viewer questioning their relevance. The white ball is then set in motion by the child. The white marbles then collides with the black marble. By this work the producer could be implying the racial tenseness between blacks and whites.After drawing a simple, stick-figured mockingbird, the girl shades in the winged creature and then rips the paper through the bird. With this gesture, the girl giggles and sighs pleasingly. This action could also relate to the division in her society.Symbolism plays a blown-up role in the openin g sequence the objects that appear behind the opening credits include a pocket watch, pearl necklace, whistle, marbles and a childs drawing of a bird they are all items that gain message as the story unfolds.The music is very important in the opening sequence it begins with a simplistic, childlike piano solo, and then develops by almost expressing the girls emotions and actions. The music varies with her every action, when she colours in the music becomes the base job as the scribbling and the girls self satisfaction or dissatisfaction is expressed in her tone of humming and singing. The music almost acts as a teleport taking the audition in to the film this could assist them, in their understanding of the child and her actions.The bureau the producer has angled the cameras, so that the symbols appear all contrastive dimensions it makes the items either fragile and delicate or sturdy and imposing, and the way they have used significant symbols to set the scene make the viewer rule intent on finding out the significance of them in the storyline.boilersuit the use of music, symbolism, and camera angles set the scene perfectly as there are hidden meanings and hints of what may unravel. The music acts as the childs emotional state, and allows the audience to relate and experience her little world. While the use of symbolism helps the audience visualise the world of a child and relate to her ability. Finally the way the producer has angled the camera, emphasising the objects that have significance in the storyline helps the audience understand the vulnerability a child has. The use of all of these techniques helps the audience relate to the child and the objects relevance in relation to the film.

Part Three Chapter X

XParminder spirted late on Monday evenings, and as Vikram was usually at the hospital, the lead Jawanda children laid the table and cooked for themselves. Sometimes they squabbled occasionally they had a laugh save today, each was absorbed in their own particular thoughts, and the job was accomplished with unusual efficiency in n head silence.Sukhvinder had non told her brother or her sister that she had tried to truant, or close to Krystal Weedons threat to beat her up. The clothes of secrecy was very strong in her these days. She was actively frightened of transport let outnces, because she feared that they might betray the population of oddness that lived inside her, the world that Fats mole dupemed able to penetrate with such terrifying ease. All the same, she knew that the events of the day could not be kept quiet indefinitely. Tessa had told her that she intended to telephone Parminder.Im going to sustain to war cry your mum, Sukhvinder, its what we always do, har dly Im going to explain to her why you did it.Sukhvinder had mat up almost warm towards Tessa, even though she was Fats Walls bewilder. Frightened though she was of her mothers reaction, a tiny little glow of go for had kindled inside her at the thought of Tessa interceding for her. Would the realization of Sukhvinders desperation lead, at last, to some crack in her mothers implacable disapproval, her disappointment, her endless stone-faced criticism?When the front doorsill opened at last, she identifyd her mother speaking Punjabi.Oh, not the bloody produce once more, groaned Jaswant, who had cocked an ear to the door.The Jawandas owned a patch of ancestral land in the Punjab, which Parminder, the oldest, had acquire from their father in the absence of sons. The farm occupied a order in the family consciousness that Jaswant and Sukhvinder had sometimes discussed. To their slightly amused astonishment, a fewer of their older relatives seemed to live in the deliveration that the whole family would move behind there one day. Parminders father had sent money back to the farm all his life. It was tenanted and worked by second cousins, who seemed surly and embittered. The farm caused symmetric arguments among her mothers family.Nanis gone off on one again, interpreted Jaswant, as Parminders muted voice penetrated the door.Parminder had taught her first-born some Punjabi, and Jaz had picked up a lot more from their cousins. Sukhvinders dyslexia had been as well as severe to enable her to learn two languages and the attempt had been abandoned. Harpreet still wants to contend off that bit for the road Sukhvinder hear Parminder kicking off her shoes. She wished that her mother had not been bothered just about the farm tonight of all nights it never put her into a good mood and when Parminder pushed open the kitchen door and she precept her mothers tight mask-like face, her courage failed her completely.Parminder acknowledged Jaswant and Rajpal with a sl ight wave of her hand, barely she pointed at Sukhvinder and and so towards a kitchen control, indicating that she was to sit down and wait for the call to end.Jaswant and Rajpal drifted back upstairs. Sukhvinder waited beneath the wall of photographs, in which her relative inadequacy was displayed for the world to see, pinned to her chair by her mothers silent command. On and on went the call, until at bulky last Parminder said goodbye and cut the connection.When she turned to look at her daughter Sukhvinder knew, instantly, before a word was spoken, that she had been wrong to hope.So, said Parminder. I had a call from Tessa while I was at work. I expect you know what it was about.Sukhvinder nodded. Her mouth seemed to be full of cotton wool.Parminders rage crashed everywhere her like a tidal wave, dragging Sukhvinder with it, so that she was unable to have her feet or right herself.Why? Why? Is this copying the London girl, again are you trying to impress her? Jaz and Raj ne ver behave like this, never why do you? Whats wrong with you? argon you proud of being trifling and sloppy? Do you think its cool to act like a delinquent? How do you think I felt when Tessa told me? Called at work Ive never been so ashamed Im disgusted by you, do you hear me? Do we not give you enough? Do we not overhaul you enough? What is wrong with you, Sukhvinder?In desperation, Sukhvinder tried to break through her mothers tirade, and mentioned the fig Krystal Weedon Krystal Weedon shouted Parminder. That stupid girl Why are you paying circumspection to anything she says? Did you classify her I tried to keep her damn great-grandmother alive? Did you tell her that?I no If youre going to care about what the likes of Krystal Weedon says, theres no hope for you Perhaps thats your natural level, is it, Sukhvinder? You want to play truant and work in a cafe and waste all your opportunities for education, because thats easier? Is that what being in a team with Krystal Weedo n taught you to sink to her level?Sukhvinder thought of Krystal and her gang, raring to go on the oppo grade kerb, waiting for a break in the cars. What would it contemplate to pay back her mother understand? An hour ago she had had the tiniest fantasy that she might confide in her mother, at last, about Fats Wall Get out of my visual sense Go Ill speak to your father when he comes in goSukhvinder walked upstairs. Jaswant called from her sleeping room What was all that shouting about?Sukhvinder did not answer. She proceeded to her own room, where she closed the door and sat down on the edge of her bed.Whats wrong with you, Sukhvinder?You disgust me.Are you proud of being lazy and sloppy?What had she expected? Warm shape arms and teething ring? When had she ever been hugged and held by Parminder? There was more comfort to be had from the razor blade hidden in her stuffed rabbit but the desire, mounting to a need, to cut and bleed, could not be satisfied by daylight, with the f amily awake and her father on his way.The dark lake of desperation and pain that lived in Sukhvinder and yearned for release was in flames, as if it had been fuel all along.Let her see how it feels.She got up, crossed her bedroom in a few strides, and dropping into the chair by her desk, pounded at the keyboard of her computer.Sukhvinder had been just as interested as Andrew determine when that stupid supply teacher had tried to impress them with his cool in computing. Unlike Andrew and a couple of the other boys, Sukhvinder had not plied the teacher with questions about the hacking she had merely gone home quietly and looked it all up online. nigh every modern website was proof against a classic SQL injection, but when Sukhvinder had heard her mother discussing the anonymous attack on the Pagford Parish Council website, it had occurred to Sukhvinder that the security on that faint old site was probably minimal.Sukhvinder always found it much easier to quality than to write, and computer code easier to read than long strings of words. It did not take very long for her to retrieve a site that gave explicit book of instructions for the simplest form of SQL injection. Then she brought up the Parish Council website.It took her five minutes to hack the site, and then only because she had transcribed the code wrong the first time. To her astonishment, she discovered that whoever was administering the site had not removed the user details of The_Ghost_of_Barry_Fairbrother from the database, but merely deleted the post. It would be childs play, therefore, to post in the same name.It took Sukhvinder much longer to compose the pass on than it had to hack into the site. She had carried the secret accusation with her for months, ever since New Years Eve, when she had noticed with honor her mothers face, at ten to midnight, from the corner of the party where she was hiding. She typed slowly. Autocorrect helped with her spelling.She was not afraid that Parminder woul d bankrupt her computer history her mother knew so little about her, and about what went on in this bedroom, that she would never suspect her lazy, stupid, sloppy daughter.Sukhvinder pressed the nobble like a trigger.

The Impact of Rennie Harris

Katherine Baker Dance Appreciation (Online) 27 April 2011 The Impact of Rennie Harris When one imagines the dance style of Hip-Hop, what most wantly comes to mind is either a group of young men and women gathered in an alley, forming a spate and watching someone move their body to the beats of fast intercommunicate rap lyrics, or one might en imagery the scenes of a 50 Cent music video with young women shaking their derriere in the camera. Rennie Harris, known by many as the ambassador of belt connection brings something very(prenominal) different to the table. Rennie Harris is more than a hip-hop artist.He is the interpreter of hip-hop as a cultural ritual, one that celebrates his communitys nerve center values and heritage, and invokes its innate spirit, says scholar and dance critic Suzanne Carbonneau. In 1992 Harris founded Rennie Harris Puremovement, in his hometown of Philadelphia. Harris uses his style, referred to on RHPMs website aship-hop dance home, to be an acti vistic in the community and promote dance, particularly hip-hop, to all ethnicities as an electric receptacle for human expression, attempting to cleanse the musical genre of its stigma in todays society. hotshot thing that is in truth impressive of Harris fiddle is that he has created, perfected, and maintained a style, that continues to rise supra the negative stereotype hip-hop is sometimes painted with in the media. In doing this he is maintaining the sophistication of the art of dance. As mentioned on his organizations website, In a society where hip-hop is often portrayed as a violent, undisciplined counterculture, RHPM deconstructs popular perception of this medium, expanding and challenging the boundaries and definitions of hip-hop in general.As hip-hop continues to be chosen as the modern generations medium of expression, RHPM works to honor its history, explore its ideas, and further its contributions to the surrounding community. (RHPM. org) The effect that this art form is being preserved is having a huge jounce on the dance world. Harris has won numerous awards including, but non hold to, three Bessie Awards, a Herb Alpert Award, and an Alvin Ailey Award. These prestigious honors ar just a few recognitions of Harris and RPHMs impact on the community.Along with choreography, classes, and performances RHPM excessively offers lectures and demonstrations created with a vision for sharing an appreciation for diversity and is dedicated to preserving and disseminating hip-hop culture (RHPM. org). Harris is also very involved in education. Taking dance to new take in the classroom. Focusing mainly on education systems in spick-and-span Jersey, Florida, California, New York, and of course, Pennsylvania, Harris provides lecture/demonstrations and zestful way to grasp the attention of students. One of their most popular lecture. demonstrations is entitled History of Hip-hop. An interesting lesson that comes along with this is the lesson of theatr e etiquette, teachers are sent an informative packet illustration the rules and proper behaviour in a theatre to hare with their students. Phrases like The performers on defend show respect for their art form and for the audience by doing their very best work. The audience shows respect for the performers by watching attentively (CueSheet 4) This is passing play along the enjoyment of art and proper manners to students even if they are not physically dancing. This creates a very educational experience for the students.The work that has been done by Rennie Harris is admirable to say the least. Dedication and passion like his are unmatched in other hip-hop choreographers of our time. This is a genre that is only going to continue to grow and become more popular, and thankfully there are groups like RHPM to continue to educate mess on the unique artistic values of the hip-hop dance style. From encouraging people in the community to stay fit to taking urban route performers and tur ning them into refined performers of the fine art of dance, Rennie Harris has truly impacted not only the hip-hop community, but the dance community, as well.Works Cited Fellow, Rose. Rennie Harris Profile coupled States operatives Great Art Forms Here. United States Artists Great Art Forms Here Artist Fundraising & Advocacy. 2007. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . Rennie Harris Puremovement. Rennie Harris Puremovement History of Hip-hop. Letter to Teachers Wells Fargo Schools. 10 Oct. 2003. MS. Rennie Harris Puremovement. Stanford Lively Arts. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . RHPM Rennie Harris Puremovement. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .

Narrative Essays Are a Great Read Essay

Narrative auditions and Descriptive studys only iftocks be similar but they are diverse in nature. The story render I Want a married cleaning woman is more induce than the descriptive judge Homeless because the fib look for has a stage of project, uses indulge and satire, and uses t one(a) and language that can draw the contributor in. memorial is storytelling from the perspective of a narrator and the story whitethorn be true, false, imaginary, or a combination. A narration can be closely past, present, or future events, and it can be short or the length of a novel (Connell & Sole, 2013, sec. 6.3). A narrative can draw in the earreach by telling the reader the story just how it happened or how they envision it to be without losing someone in persuasion because they may non show what they mean when they are using words to describe it a veritable direction. Description is a pattern of writing that can be define as painting pictures with words (Connell & Sol e, 2013, sec. 6.4). A descriptive essay uses actually expressive words to describe specific details.See more what is narrative writingThe reader get out squander to use the five gumption in contraryiate to hear what the writer is trying to convey and may ascertain lost in particular if the reader doesnt understand one of those descriptive words. The two essays in this paper that are being compared and contrasted are Homeless by Anna Quindlen and I Want a Wife by Judy Brady. Both essays are being told by the author but through someone elses eyes but on what the author sees. The offshoot paragraph from the narrative essay I Want a Wife reads, Not too long ago a male coadjutor of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-married woman. He is look foring for another married woman. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurredto me that I, too, would standardized to have a wife. Wh y do I necessitate a wife (Brady, 1971)?This paragraph started off the essay with authors show of view because she too is a wife. The author was able to identify this by what she does as a wife, how she acted and how she is treated. This can also be the pinnacle of view of a man because some men may feel that this is what a wife should do or how a wife should act or maybe someone else who is a wife, because its what they do. She made the essay seem like a wife is such a huge mountain and that they have such a big job to complete throughout each day. This essay makes the reader stop and think about if this is the sort they want their wife to be or if they want to be this way if they are a wife. The descriptive essay Homeless, the author tells her point of view because of a stateless person lady she precious to ask questions to. She perceive her point of view about homeless state from a portraiture the lady showed her and what she sees when she looks at the lady and the pict ure. Both essays have a point a view a reader may agree or disagree with.Not everyone sees a wife as a someone who does everything for the house realize, such as cook all meals, clean the whole house, realize care of the kids, and con care of the man. Back in 1971 when the essay was compose this may have held true, but in 2014 there are house-holds where the woman is the bread winner and the man will stay home and take care of everything. There are also other relationships where the house hold is 50-50. The husband and wife share duties. As far as homeless people, someones point of view may be different than when the author said People scrape it curious that those without homes would rather kip sitting up on benches or huddled in doorways than go to shelters (Quindlen, n.d. para. 7). That was her point of view of what she thinks other people think but in reality, the homeless people may not be able to get shelter so they have no choice but to forty winks on benches. With thes e two essays, the point of view is stronger in the narrative essay because most people are wives, or they have a wife and can see this essay as true.The descriptive essay, not everyone is homeless or they may not be around homeless people or know how they interact so they may not understand the point the author is trying to make. The tone of I Want a Wife is written in a humorous, ironic mood. This is what makes this essay pleasurable to read and its not boring to the reader. The essay has a sarcastic tone which is produced when someone uses heave-handed verbal irony. Verbal irony occurswhen one expresses the antonym of what one actually means (Connell & Sole, 2013). The narrative essay is also of massive humor and satire. To any woman reader and maybe some men, they may look at this essay and laugh. The reader may sense the badinage in the authors words. For example, the author says If, by chance, I find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I wan t the liberty to supplant my present wife with another one (Brady, 1971, para. 8). This paragraph alones makes you mad but makes you laugh. The whole essay in itself is also written in sarcasm. The writer depicts what a wife should be but is sarcastic in her procession of how she writes it.She always started off with I want a wife who will, and then talks about what she would want her wife to do if she wanted a wife, and how a wife should act. If you did not know the author, you would have thought this was written by a man. At the end of the essay, Brady (1971) states My God, who wouldnt want a wife? shows that this whole essay was of keen irony and satire because she talks about what she wants in a wife when she is a wife. This quoted decry shows exaggeration, just like the rest of the essay. There was no irony or sarcasm or anything to make me laugh in the descriptive essay Homeless. Because of the nature of the essay, there wouldnt be any humor or satire since it could be con sidered a sad essay. The authors tone in Homeless is very serious, yet tranquil. It is serious because the subdue is also very serious subject, but serene because she knows that there is a solution for these problems.Quindlen uses this tone to get through to the reader in order to deliver the purpose. The tone is also sad because of the problems of homelessness in the world today. The reader may feel a sense of sympathy when reading this essay because it can be controversial. There is some hyperbole language the author is using in homeless like It was like a railyard houses in a hundred towns, not suburb, not city, but someplace in between, with aluminum siding and a chain-link fence, a narrow pass running up to a one-car garage, and a patch of backyard (Quindlen, n.d. para. 2). Brady also uses different figurative language such as exaggeration and repetitiveness in her essay. Through the language you often felt the emotion of the essay especially if you are a wife because you ma y think about if you have done the things she is stating a wife does.This essay has an emotion appeal to it. It has a purpose, its honest and not stressing to mislead, and not used just foreffect or for gratuitous reasons (Connell & Sole, 2013, sec. 7.3). It is not making personal attacks on wives, but viewing how a wife is treated as such and how they are not appreciated. The narrative essay gave a more clear understanding as to the point the author was trying to get a cross. The narrative essay also used a descriptive writing pattern. The language was carefully and particularly chosen and it also evoked emotions to the reader. The narrative essay was of great humor and satire but it also made you think about life as a wife, as to where the descriptive essay was a serious essay that talked about a world issue and the attempt to take action to solve that problem.It lacked the senses a descriptive should have. There was no emotion and no feelings relating to the topic, because the descriptive essay was more of a journalistic essay that talked about problems that needed to be solved. It did not have umpteen words to paint the picture of how homeless people live and what they look like, or how they smell how they get by day to day. The narrative essay had this creative tension that kept the reader interested in what a man or another woman may think of what a wife could be. It kept the writer of this essay interested because she is too, a wife.ReferencesBrady, J. (1971). I want a wife. Retrieved from http//bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everythingsanargument4e/content/cat_020/Brady_I_Want_a_Wife.pdf Connell, C. M., & Sole, K. (2013). Essentials of college writing (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Quindlen, A. (n.d.). Homeless. Retrieved from http//pers.dadeschools.net/prodev/homelesstext.htm

Example of Perfect Competition in the Philippines

MARKET STRUCTURES IN THE PHILIPPINES A term paper submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in Micropolitical rescue Submitted by Jake Kevin P Borja BSBM IIB Submitted to Ms. Azelle Agdon Date of submision October 10, 2012I. Introduction Any study of economics has to begin with an understanding of the basic commercialise body structure of the coun seek. An preservation is make up of producers of goods and run, of traders who make these goods and at fly the coop tos available in the market, of consumers who buy the goods and services and so on. Philippine is an industrialized country wherein thither is a weed of establishments and firms inside it.A of lot competitions here like retail trade, including restaurants, wear stores, convenience stores, gasoline stations and etc. We every(prenominal) have the emancipation to enter a refreshed business firm, we just need the blanket(a) knowledge of scathes and technology. The truly human is widely populated by competitors whereas half of the economys total intersectionion comes from belligerent firms. A market structure is characterized by a erect occur of humbled firms hardly not identical products sold by all firms. These argon the quatern basic market structure in the Philippines, subtile competition, monopoly, oligopoly and cartel.Competitors have typically refined firms, absolute and relative and detonator requirements are low. Competitive industries is comparatively easy but we have to know the market structure where we leave al wiz establish our own business because if notnothing prevents an competitor from property a dismission out of business sale and shutting down.II. Pure CompetitionThe market consists of emptors and traffickers trading in a uniform goodness much(prenominal)(prenominal) as wheat, copper or financial securities. No oneness buyer or trafficker has a great deal effect on the going market value. A seller wadnot change more than the going leg al injury, because buyer can obtain as often as they need at the going toll.In a purely war-ridden market, marketing research, product development, price, advertising and sales promotion play little or no role. Thus, sellers in these markets do not spend much date on marketing strategy. A market said to be purely competitive if 1. There is a large number of buyers and sellers of the commodity each excessively small affect the prices of the commodity.2. The output of all firms in the market are homogenous. Example The product of any seller is considered as exactly kindred in all respects to the product of any separate seller and 3. There is perfect mobility of resources. Example There is leave officedom of approach into and stall in the intentness. Perfect competition To the far left of the market structure continuum is perfect competition, characterized by a large number of relatively small competitors, each with no market control. Perfect competition is an idealized mar ket structure that provides a benchmark efficiency.Example of Pure Competition Wheat levy There are great number of similar farms the product is order in that location is no control oer price in that respect is no nonprice competition.However, entry is difficult because of the live of acquiring land and from present proprietor. Ofcourse, regime programs to assist agriculture complicate the purity of this example.III. MonopolyA market with a sole supplier of good and services or resources for which there is no close subtitute. In addition, there is barriers to entry of new firms. In economics, an industry with a single firm that produce a product, for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the industry to compete for profit is called Pure Monopoly. iodin firm unique product with no close substitutes much control over price price maker entry is blocked mostly exoteric relation advertising.* Ther e is Market Power* Single Seller* One product ( Limited or no group substitutes )* Barriers to entry The Meralco galvanic Company is a perfect example of Monopoly in the Philippines. The only supplier of electricity in our country Birth of Meralco in 1903. Meralco started its electric service to manila paper by taking over operation of La galvanicistas corpse.However, Meralco built its own steam generating plant on Isla Provisora near the Ayala Bridge which power the streetcar system and eventually also the electric service. Getting Started, 1903-1905 On April 10, 1905, Meralcos street railway system was formally inaugurated. By year-end, the completed system consisted of about 40 miles (63 km.) of track crossing the business section of Manila and beyond. It passed the busy streets of Binondo, Escolta, San Nicolas, Tondo, Caloocan, Malabon, Quiapo, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, and other strategic parts of Manila.Constituting for a long time the largest single investment o f private capital of any nationality in the Philippines, it reflected a pioneering act of faith in the future of the country Over the years, Meralcos tape drive service grew and improved. Bigger and better streetcars with double wheel-trucks and closed sides were added. The Electric improvement Within less than a decade from 1905, the annual gelt of Meralcos Electric Department began to surpass those of Transportation. When war broke out in 1941, Meralcos earnings were roughly 80% electric, 10% autobuses and 10% railway.There are two types of MonopolyRegulated MonopolyNon regulated MonopolyRegulated Monopoly The government permits the company to set rates that leave yield a fair return.Non regulated Monopoly Company is free to price at what market will bearIV. OligopolyOne characterized by small number of firms where quantity sold by any one firm is influenced by its choice in respect of strategic variables ( much(prenominal) as prices, product, design, research and develo pment, advertising and sales location ) and these choices are strongly influenced by other firms in the industry.In economics, the market consist of a couple of(prenominal) sellers who are highly sensitive to each others pricing and marketing strategies. There are few sellers because it is difficult for new seller to enter the market. Each seller is alert to competitors strategies and move. hardly a(prenominal) firms standardized or differentiated products some control over price in a narrow range relatively easy entry much nonprice competition advertising trademarks brand names. In the middle of the market structure, residing closer to monopoly, is oligopoly, characterized by a small number of relatively large competitors.Each with substantial market control. A substantial number of real world markets fits the characteristics of oligopoly.* Small number of firms* Product differentiation may or may not exist* Barriers to entryExamples 1. Hometown Supermarkets Supermarke ts are few in number in any one area their size makes new entry very difficult, there is non price competition. However, there is much price competition as they compete for market share and there seems to be no collusion. In this regard, the supermarket acts more like a monopolistic competitor.This may vary by area. 2. Steel Industry within the domestic labor market. Firms are few in number, their products are standardized to some fulfilment their size makes new entry very difficult there is much nonprice competition there is little if any, price competition while there may be no collusion, there does seem to be much price leadership.V. CartelAcartelis a group of companies, countries or other entities that agree to work together to influence marketprices by controlling the toil and sale of a particular product.Cartelstend to funk from oligopolistic industries, where a few companies or countries generate the entire supply of a product. This small production base means that each producer must(prenominal) evaluate its rivals potential reactions to certain business decisions. When oligopolies compete on price, for example, they tend to drive the products price throughout the entire industry down to the cost of production, thereby lowering profits for all producers in theoligopoly. These circumstances conduct oligopolies strong incentive to collude in order to maximize their critical pointprofit.Members of a cartel generally agree to avoid various competitive practices, especially price reductions. Members also often agree on production quotas to keep supply levels down and prices up. These contracts may be formal or they may consist of simple recognition that competitive behavior would be harmful to the industry. A cartel is formed when a group of individually owned businesses agrees not to compete with each other in areas such as prices, territories, and production.A cartel agreement is considered a collusive agreement in that the different partie s agree not to allow market forces to correct their pricing, production, and other business practices. Rather, the members of the cartel agree on such matters as what price to charge, how much to produce, and which markets to serve. * Rice in the Philippines is cartelized. There are septenary rice cartels here in the Philippines, all controlled by Filipino-Chinese traders. Cartels use veritable rice traders cooperatives or farmers cooperatives to get rice importation permits.These permits are hence used to procure rice from abroad. What traders do is put aside the intact milled rice with that of the broken. Normally, when we buy a kilogram of rice. A kilo of rice differs in prices depending on the composition of whole and broken rice. Normally, its 70-30, meaning 70% whole grains with 30% broken ones. The percentage of broken rice decreases if the trader wants to increase price. So price really depends on how small or how little the percentage of broken rice you have in a kilo. If you buy a kilo of whole grain, that is higher than that of all broken rice.VI . SummaryWe have seen that there are four basic market structure in the Philippines. Producers are led by the profit motive to produce those goods and services which the consumers want. They try to do this at the minimum possible cost in order to maximize their profits. Moreover, there is a competition among a number of producers, they will each try to keep the price of their product low in order to thread the consumers. The goods produced are made available in the market by traders. They also act in their own self interest. VII. AnalysisThe Philippines economy is the worlds 43rd largest in the world as of 2012. The Philippines has undergone a variety from being an agricultural based country to a industrialized country. The economy is now vastly dependent on the services and manufacturing sector. The country has a total labor force of around 38. 1 million. Labour and capital intensive industries can be distinguished in terms of their trade generating potential. A labour intensive industry or method of production, can be considered to be one which generates more employment per unit of investment.VIII. cultivationTherefore I conclude that the operation of market forces brings out the outmatch results when there is Pure Competition in the economy. Pure competition is a situation where there are a very large number of firms producing the same product, and size of no firms is so large that can go dominating influence over market. Under these conditions, the competition between the firms is such that they tend to manufacture their products at a very competitive price and a high level of efficiency and productivity prevails in the market.IX. testimonyI therefore recommend that the monopoly company in the Philippines to lessen their price cost for the consumer because as we all know that they are only supplier of the electricity in the country. All of the people over the country pay up for their business and if they will do that the whole country will clear on it and it will not affect their firm even if they got 1 peso per consumer because every Filipino purchased their product (Electricity) and one of the most all-important(a) thing in a business is electricity.And for cartels to be fair in doing their products, arrangements and mergers that limitcompetition. Traditionally, when we fail in fixing the economy, and fail to anticipate the overture of this basic staple, sure enough, expect a potential crisis in the streets. And if we do not balance the competition between one another there will be no effect in the growth of the economy of our country. X. References http//www. scribd. com/ http//www. britannica. com. ph/ http//www. investinganswers. com/ http//www. enotes. com/ http//www. newphilrevolution. com/ Economics for managers

How does the charity letter use language to create an impact on its audience?

The ambit charity earn is an emotional, individualized and heart felt letter int closureed to inform citizenry closely noetic Palsy and to shake them donate to their worthy ca utilization. The intended audience was the recipient of this letter, who may mayhap be a p arnt perhaps whose child unfortunately has this life-threatening condition. The writer of this letter has employ a range of grammatical techniques to bring about an impact on the referee. One of the main , striking features of this schoolbook, is the Anecdote that runs passim the letter. The short story about Abigail is told by her father which exploits it very personal and informal, Im Abigails dada, Ric. The fact that he introduces himself and gives his name adds more personality into the letter and is inviting the contributor to read on. The effect this has upon the audience is that the reality of the letter is portrayed clearly and it makes the reader realise it isnt just a problem for somebody else, it could find to anyone.Like any parents. Something else used, that makes the letter a lot more personal, is the use of personal pronouns. The use of the first person, personal pronouns my and I, in the first paragraph, non only make the letter more real to the reader scarce also gives a sense of pride that Abigails father is feeling. I descry that my Abigail has come on in leaps and bounds at inform this year. The genitive determiner my strongly emphasises that Ric is very proud of his miss. Furthermore, the second person, personal pronouns toward the end of the text are also very effective, the use of the pronoun you includes the reader into Abigails tall(prenominal) story. This particularly impacts on the reader as they feel wish they establish been with Abigail on her difficult journey through learning and coping with Cerebral Palsy. This making them feel they want to encourage more people like Abigail, as Scope render clearly made a big difference.This is a rhe torical device- emotive language. It brings the emotions of the writer, and some readers, to the text and audience. Additionally, As soon as we walked through the doors, we knew it was right for our daughter is somewhat of a hyperbole-another rhetorical device. It so-and-so be seen as a hyperbole as Abigails parents could not have known the school was right for their daughter until they had learned more about it. However, this is emphasising how much Scope has functioned them and also sets up how much more accommodative Scope became to them, later in the letter.Another hyperbole, is the bold caption If it wasnt for Scopes Ingfield manor School, Abigail wouldnt be Abigail Obviously she still would be Abigail just now this is used to spot readable how much of a lifeline Scope had been, not just for Abigail, but to her parents also. They helped Abigail develop her own personality, even though she has a disability which dejection hold her back. Another rhetorical technique, use d by the writer is the Tricolon. Ric describes how the school not only give the children a national curriculum education as all schools do, but also how they develop speech, movement and mobility. The use of the Tricolon hither shows how much land Scope put in and how much they help people with Cerebral Palsy to learn. To add more emotion and make it even more personal, Ric uses a Tricolon to depict how Scope has personally helped his daughter to develop her education, her self-esteem and her sparkling personality. The use of the adjective sparkling within the tricolon highlights that not only has Scope helped Abigail develop a personality, they have helped her create a strong one that shines through her disability.Another powerful adjective used in the letter is dedicated. This adjective shows that Scope are trying since confide hard to make a difference and will stop at nothing to help people like Abigail, people with this terrible disability. unitedly with the common noun fam ily, the two word classes strongly emphasise that they all work together and make everyone the family, the pupil and even the reader feel included in their achievements as a team. The verbs used in this text guide the reader to feel that Scope is a very friendly and caring charity.The modal auxiliary auxiliary verbs preempt and will express that there is hope for people with Cerebral Palsy, and Scope is it. The modal auxiliary verb will indicates that Scope will definitely continue parcel people for as long as they receive support. The dynamic verbs meeting and providing are in the progressive tense, showing that Scopes work is ongoing, meaning that they have to rely on peoples donations for their work to continue. Furthermore, the verbs develop, provide, share and support greatly emphasise that Scope are not forceful and are there to support people like Abigail.They do not push her but guide her and help her to become the best she can be, speckle making life for her and her fam ily easier. Taking away the pressure and relate for her education and how it might be affected by Cerebral Palsy. The verb support is particularly important as it makes the reader realise that Abigail is not an invalid, nor should she be do by as inferior to anybody else, she just needs a little help and guidance due to her disability. That is where Scope comes in. These verbs persuade the reader to help as they can empathise with Abigail.Finally the verbs joking and giggling lighten up the mood of the text as the reader becomes aware that Scope help bring light and happiness into these peoples lives. Although Ric himself didnt write this letter, it would have been carefully crafted to make it sound as if he did, to make it more personal and more effective. The writer uses the grammatical techniques to make the audience aware of what it would be like in Rics shoes, persuading them to help, while informing them about Cerebral Palsy and how Scope enable people to overcome difficulti es in learning.

Analysis John Proctor Essay

In a sense, the play, The Crucible, has the structure of a classical tragedy with lavatory watch being the protagonist of the play and its tragic hero. As there is a saying To err is hu cosmos John watch overly was led to his grave out-of-pocket(p) to a fatal flaw he possessed. follow, in his first appearance in the play, is pre moveed as a quick-witted, sharp-tongued man with a keen sense of pride and a streak of confidence. He was a symbol of justice and uprighteousness. His secret affair with Abigail, before Elizabeth watch over fired her, put forward upmed to end since John no more than harbored feelings for Abigail. Abigail Give me a word, John, A soft word.proctor No, no, Abby. Thats done with. However, upon learning the rightfulness Abigail I ware a sense for heat, John, and yours has drawn me to my window, and I cod seen you looking up, burning in your loneliness. Do you tell me youve never looked up at my window? This suggests that what Abigail had been sayi ng to John was the truth overly that he still had kind feelings for her, and created Abigails jealousy of his wife, Elizabeth, which sets the entire witch furore in feat. His wisdom, sharpness and his independence are traits would make a fitting person to question the motives of those who cry witchcraft.However, his guilty conscience over his affair with Abigail makes his blank space much more problematic because he is very guilty in the hypocrisy he detested to see in others. Secondly, John does not make the appearance _or_ semblance to be favoring the authority Parris possess that he blatantly tell right in front of Parris that he would plug into the faction which was against him and all authority. Once the trials begin, Proctor realizes that he can stop Abigails rampage through Salem only when only if he confesses to his fornication. such(prenominal) an admission would ruin his groovy promise, and Proctor is, above all, a vagarylistic man who places great emphas is on his reputation.Proctor is quite a brave, honest and honorable man, confessing his sin of adultery to the court in a bid to stop the agitation present in Salem by tarnishing the now saintly name of Abigail Williams so that the townsfolk would stop audience to her false accusations. He eventually makes an attempt, through Mary Warrens testimony, to name Abigail as a fraud without revealing the crucial information. Proctor Then her saintliness is done with. We get out slide together into our pit you lead tell the court what you know. When this attempt fails, he finally bursts out with a confession, calling Abigail a whore and proclaiming his guilt publicly.Proctor A fire, a fire is burning I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face And it is my face, and yours, Danforth For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I put up quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be fraud- God damns our kind especially, and we leave behin d burn, we will burn together Proctor You are pulling enlightenment down and raising up a whore These quotes suggest that the Proctor who used to believe in Gods word is no longer devoted to Him anymore due to the injustice and evil most him. Its as if he has become an atheist- God is dead wholly then does he realize that it is too late, that matters energise gone too far, and that not even the truth can break the powerful frenzy that he has allowed Abigail to whip up. Proctors confession succeeds only in leading to his arrest and conviction as a witch, and though he lambastes the court and its proceedings, he is to a fault aware of his terrible role in allowing this fervor to grow unchecked. Proctor is also a man who approximates of others. He stands up for the other townsfolk, refusing to deliver the names of innocent(p) citizens.I have no knowledge in that line. But its hard to think so pious a woman is secretly a troubles bitch after seventy year of such good prayer. He saved others, while preserving his own honor. (I speak my own sins I cannot judge another. ) Offered the fortune to make a public confession of his guilt and live, he almost succumbs, even signing a written confession. His broad pride and fear of public opinion compelled him to withhold his adultery from the court, except by the end of the play he is more c one timerned with his ain integrity than his public reputation. He still wants to save his name, but for ad hominem and religious, rather than public, reasons. (I have given you my soul leave me my name-Proctor) Proctors refusal to provide a false confession is a admittedly religious and personal stand. Such a confession would dishonor his swearword prisoners, who are brave enough to die as testimony to the truth. maybe more relevantly, a false admission would also dishonor him, espial not just his public reputation, but also his soul. By refusing to give up his personal integrity Proctor implicitly proclaims his convic tion that such integrity will bring him to heaven. He goes to the gallows redeemed for his earlier sins. As Elizabeth says to end the play, responding toHales plea that she convince Proctor to publicly confess He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him Proctor dies as a man of integrity who never sold his soul and stained his name upon confessing to what God knows and speaks of as heathen. He lived up to be a man who ought to be given the upper limit respect, by his wife and by his fellow Salemites. Nearing to the end of the play, Proctor redeems himself and provides a final denunciation of the witch trials in his final act. Elizabeth who respects Proctor deeply and is proud that he doesnt confess suggests that she too loves him dearly. nevertheless Mr Hale was not able to instigate Proctor in confessing a false crime and succumb the false crime of witchcraft. Hale Woman, assign with him Woman It is pride, it is vanity. Be his helper What profits him to bleed? Shall the dust evaluate him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame awayElizabeth He have his goodness now. God I forbid I take it from him Abigail Williams An antagonist of the play, she beats Parris and Danforth with all the villainy she possessed. In contrast to her bonnie looks, she is characterless and baseless as bastardy has ever stooped to be that low. Being a blatant liar, she is able to twist the situation so well that even the whole of Salem was sent to its doom due to her hysteria. Her pretty looks can be as deceiving as her character. Abigail it were sport, uncle (innocently) A preen? No one was naked You mistake yourself, uncle Why, I am certain(predicate) it is, sir. on that point be no blush to the highest degree my name. These blatant lies came about one after another suggest that Abigail is not only prevarication but also disrespectful to those who take care of her by making them believe to whatever she says.In this manner, Parris was half convinced and had the courage to crop the trials and commence a witch-hunt upon Abigails words. Abigail has a large role in the play as the villain of the play, instigating the downfall of many innocent townsfolk. composition working in the Proctors house as a servant, she had an affair with John Proctor, which led to her being dismissed by the latter(prenominal)s wife, Elizabeth Proctor. This suggests that she was not only ungrateful, but also in a way trying to seduce Proctor lest he bend toward Elizabeth. This leads to Abigail direct hate towards her and targeting her later in the play. Betty You drank blood, AbbyYou didnt tell him that.. You did, you did You drank a determine to kill John Proctors wife You drank a magnetize to kill Goody Proctor Throughout the hysteria, Abigails motivations never seem more complex than simple jealousy and a desire to have revenge on Elizabeth Proctor. The language of the play is almost Biblical, and Abigail seems like a Biblical character- a Jezebel figure, driven only by sexual desire and a lust for power. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out a few background detail that, though they dont mitigate Abigails guilt, make her actions more understandable.Abigail was a symbol of defiance. Although she knew that Salem was an entirely religion-based community, she chose to rebel against the somewhat confining customs and sinned again and again. From giving in to lust and sexual desires, to adultery and finally to lying and murder in a sense, her deeds went against the very code of religion. A mere accusation from one of Abigails tidy sum is enough to incarcerate and convict even the most well-respected inhabitant of Salem. Whereas others once reproached her for her adultery, she now has the opportunity to accuse them of the worst sin of all devil-worship.Abigail was also manipulative as she was able to take advantage of her friends, rarified Parris and the judge to make them believe her so that she was able to attain f reedom and have Proctor to herself after getting rid of Elizabeth. She only did this for her personal avenging and benefit. Abigail could be even merciless if she had the choice, by sending nineteen innocent people to the gallows for crimes they did not commit. She was a shrewd mastermind who was opportunative, for her benefits. Although, she is strong and determined, this does not make her a good person. She used her intelligence in a shrewd yet cruel manner.She was horizonless of the lives that were taken away, all due to her. She was the root of all evil. Having Proctor was her only ambition. And when she learns that Proctor, too, is dead when he was sent to the gallows, her utmost motive in recovering Proctor, her love, was gone. Her will to struggle was no longer present. So, she too left and never looked to turn back to Salem. Reverend Samuel Parris Basically, Reverend Samuel Parris is a paranoid, power-hungry, yet oddly self-pitying figure.Parris presents himself as a catc h who cares and worries for his daughter, Betty, who had been supposedly witched. Trying to hide the fact, he does not believe it. Parris No-no. There be no unnatural cause here. Tell him I have sent for Reverend Hale of Beverly and Mr Hale will surely validate that. Let him look to medicine and put out all thought of unnatural causes here. There be none. Upon deeper analysis, Parris does not actually care for Betty and her friends but is ardent in saving his reputation. Parris Now look you, child, your penalisement will come in its time. But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know it now, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it.Parris is so blind by lies that he would not be abele to distinguish amongst truth or lie. He is so gullible by allowing himself to be convinced by Abigails words that he was reluctant in listening to the townsfolk and get their opinion. Although he questioned Abigail repeatedly, he never had the idea (till the end) that Abigail could be using him for her personal benefits. But this didnt mind Parris as he was just a coward because he guessed that the faction would grab this opportunity and ruin him with it. By blaming that all abominations began here, in the Ministers house.And that would be the base of witchcraft and Lucifers den. Parris is full of greed. This can be proved due to the fact that although he earned sixty-six pounds (which was a lot at that time), he was not happy with it and wanted more. In addition, he could not bear the uprising faction which was against him and his authority. Parris is dogmatic in his opinions, intolerant of opposition, and suspicious of those whom he does not like. Parris has grown a repugnance against Proctor after learning that Proctor was not hesitant in joining the faction that was against Parris and his authority. (Why, then I must find it and join it)His belief in witches and his desire to punish his enemies set in motion the chain of events that leads t o the hysteria in Salem. In my opinion, he is an incapable take care who is not able to take things in his stride but who listens to others. This suggests that he is more of a follower than a leader, although he has the full right to make his own decisions. Proctor You cannot command Mr Parris. We vote by name in this society, not by acreage. / During the witch trials, he pressures Danforth, the chief judge, to punish those who, in his opinion, are possessed or in league with the Devil.

Effective Change Leader and Facilitator Essay

To prepare myself instanter for being an effective substitute considerer and facilitator I can give lessons myself on the process of switch over initiatives and how different companies contribute successfully apply radical assortment initiatives. It is important to have an sense of change in business and one focal point of obtaining that understanding may be by dint of higher education such and college or training. I would also demonstrate to read books and articles about(predicate) strategic management.Radical change is typically when a business or governance is changing a lot kindred a merger with a nonher company or changing the way they do business. Jackson (2009) said that radical change is relatively rare and generally takes a long time to complete. It touches everyone and everything in the organization. (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2008) I think that I would more often be expected to lead and facilitate Incremental change which is an ongoing process of evolution all over time, during which many minor(ip) changes occur routinely. The cumulative effect of many small changes may be to transform the organization totally. (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2008)It is important to be well informed about the organization and the environment in which the organization does business. Once the objectives and reasons for change are addressed, then a plan for change should be made. Before fully implementing change it is important to have an understanding of how the change will affect the organization. Employees should also be informed of the splendour of the change, how it will affect them, and how it will occur.Through learning about other organizations that have implemented similar changes lessons can be learned to not make similar mistakes. Working with consultants that have gone done the change process with other companies could also be very beneficial because they have pass. There are many authors that have written about strategic change and how to effectively implement radical change. Reading about change before the process starts could make me more prepared for leading others through change. I have also taken a few classes about strategic management and organizational development and how changes can be facilitated. I think that the more educated about change and the more experience gained through participating in change the more comfortable I would be with leading and facilitating change.ReferencesJackson , S., Schuler, R., & Werner, S. (2008).Managing human resources. (10 ed., pp. 27-31). Australia Cengage Learning.

Marketing Strategies for Luxury Brands Essay

New increases are continuously launched into the lavishness inwardness grocery each year. DKNYs recent addition to the nose commercialize is DKNY Pure. As a competitor intending to submit a similar proceeds into the luxury flair taint burden foodstuff, consumer conduct has important implications for the digit of a successful marketing strategy. This paper will outline which key factors marketers should onslaught to influence in the stick out of a marketing strategy to introduce a in the raw luxury note perfume to the market.Through the uptake of carrefour positioning, identifying buying groups and the target market, extensive publicize and operant condition marketers back end manipulate the consumer decision-making sue together with internal and external influences take to consumer corrupt behaviour. From a marketing perspective luxury fashion reproachs are defined in by features such(prenominal) as exclusivity, premium prices, magnificent grapheme, dis tinctiveness, attribute, status and other aspirational characteristics (Fionda & Moore, 2009).For many consumers the bribe of luxury fashion marque perfume is a high-involvement and emotional decision (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). These purchases involve the use of elongated decision-making with an extensive search of internal and external instruction and a hefty evaluation of alternative harvest-times available (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). An extensive advertising campaign should be used the major marketing strategy for the introduction of a new product in the luxury perfume market as it merchant ship be used to manipulate and influence consumer behaviour in a number of ways.Influencing the consumer decision-making make for In point to influence the consumer decision-making process advertising quarter be used as external stimuli in order to trigger the first stage of the consumer decision making process line or take in recognition. Advertising digest influence c onsumer behaviour by affecting the consumers in demand(p) earth or their existing state (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011), prompting the identification of perceived use up or desire for a product.Strategic marketing campaigns such as preannouncements (for example by means of media releases or samples) back end be used to influence consumer anticipation, attention and desire or perceived need prior to the launch of a new product such as a luxury perfume (Schatzel & Calantone, 2006). By brain the motives which direct consumers to purchase products and the needs they are seeking to return marketers disregard target their advertising more effectively (Kotler et al, 2007).For luxury denounce perfume advertising can be used to highlight the emotional need of the consumer focussing on their esteem needs as described by Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Kotler et al, 2007 Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Emotional self-esteem needs can be effectively used in advertising luxury pu nctuate perfume to women by including messages and visuals which suggest sophistication, elegance, love and confidence.Feeling and emotion importantly causes consumer intentions for perfume with consumers visualising, imagining, estimating and assessing the perceived feelings gained from purchasing and using the product (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). intuition trade drives should focus on building customers perception of both the scrape and the product. Perception is a significant internal factor in a consumers purchase decision for luxury dirt perfume. The perception process involves processing information from exposure, attention and interpretation with meanings recorded as memory (Kotler et al 2007).Consumer perceptions can be manipulated through product positioning in this case introducing a new perfumes under the old(prenominal) luxury marque image will position it in the high-end perfume market creating a perception that it is a similar high-end product. Identifying the de sired product position allows marketers to design strategies to develop the appropriate product image for that particular target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Perfumes are products that are comprised of both tangible and intangible characteristics designed to satisfy consumers.Perceptions of quality can be influenced by the tangible (intrinsic) characteristics of the product for perfume this is the bottle and the package. Through the application of beautiful and clever product design and packaging marketers can manipulate consumer perception of the perfume and its image (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). intangible asset (extrinsic) characteristics such as price, store image or defect image as strong serve to influence the consumers perception of quality (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). orbit higher prices for the perfume consistent with the product position and target market (Fionda & Moore, 2009) and stocking the perfume in high-end department stores are strategies that can be occupied to infer quality and influence consumer perceptions of status. Brand image and brand ken Brand leveraging strategies can be employed to capitalise on the brand equity of a familiar luxury brand by giving the brand name to a new product (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).By introducing a new perfume using an established luxury fashion brand (either as a product or line extension) marketers can increase consumer recognition and acceptance of new products (Wu & Lo, 2009) as well as making the most of the perceived intangible benefits associated with a cocksure brand image. A consumers plus perception of brand image of familiar luxury fashion brands has a significant effect on increase purchase intentions of the products produced by those brands.The creation and usage of a strong brand image can be used by marketers to reduce dubiousness around product evaluation (or perceived purchase risk) whilst also increase confidence in product quality (Sadeghi & Tabri zi, 2011). Consumers view brand as an important part of a product which adds perceived value to the product (Wu & Lo, 2009 Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Launching a perfume under an existing familiar brand with a positive brand image can generate competitive advantage by change magnitude consumers interest and attention and resulting positive evaluation of a product (Fionda & Moore, 2009).Further, consumers are uniformly to give great attention to a familiar brand and to engage more effort in processing information near a product with a familiar brand name (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011). Brand personality & repute authorisation Brand personality is a key factor in brand identity and is highly influential in the consumer decision making process as it relates to the desire to satisfy needs of self-esteem and belonging (Rajagopal, 2006).Consumers are motivated to purchase products from brands that reflect their own personality or that portrays personalities to which they plan (Sirgy, 19 82 Guthrie & Kim, 2009 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). Celebrity s is considered an effective strategy by marketers as a highly visible means of brand personality creation ((Rajagopal, 2006 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). mo by celebrities influences consumer behaviour through attracting increased attention, generating greater brand resound and recognition (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011).Dean (1999, as cited in Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011) nevertheless posits that celebrity endorsement can also influence a consumers perceptions of product quality and distinctiveness. The effectiveness of using a celebrity to endorse a product will be enhanced if there is congruence between the celebritys image, the product (and brand) personality and the self-concept of the target market (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).Market question should be conducted to determine perceptions of chosen celebrities to ensure they are credible and get attributes that coin cide with the target markets needs and desires (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011 Spry, Pappu & Cornwell, 2011). For the luxury brand perfume market such attributes should be based on attractive force and image. Learning & operant teach Consumers learn about products through the familiarity and experience gained from purchase and consumption (Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011).By understanding how consumers learn about products marketers can include information to assist and influence the consumer decision-making process. Operant conditioning is highly effective marketing strategy used to influence consumer behaviour particularly in high involvement purchases such as perfume (Peter & Nord, 1982 Quester, Pettigrew & Hawkins, 2011). Operant conditioning can shape positive reinforcement for consumer purchase intention (Amor & Guilbert, 2009).By trialling, using tester bottles and sample spray cards the product consumers are able to experience the perfume determine if they like th e scent and if it smells good on their skin. Amor & Guilbert (2009) suggest that consumers are more probably to respond to new perfume samples than established ones. Marketers can provide uncaring samples during related purchases to encourage product trial (Amor & Guilbert, 2009) which assists in capturing consumer attention and increasing product familiarity (Sadeghi & Tabrizi, 2011).Placing samples in high-end fashion magazines will also assist with familiarity as well as perception of quality. Using free samples as promotional tools may also assist marketers in developing a positive attitude toward the sampled perfume product as well as toward to the brand (Amor & Guilbert, 2009). External influences A consumers purchasing behaviour is also influenced by social factors. By identifying the roles in the buying process marketers can mix this information in the product design and advertising message decisions (Kotler et al 2007).For womens perfume the same person might play severa l(prenominal) roles in the purchasing decision. The purchaser will often be the inciter of the purchase, the decider who ultimately makes the purchasing decision and the user or wearer of the perfume (Kotler et al). Products such as perfume that are complementary to self-image are occasionally purchased by consumers as opens for themselves. Marketers can target the fulfilment of self-gifting motivations by interspersing perfumes with other products such as cosmetics so that sales-staff might promote combining purchases (Mick, Demoss & Faber, 1992).Males may also be purchasers of womens perfume as gifts. Identifying this group in the buying process will enable targeted marketing through the development of gift packs around peak gift periods such as Christmas, and Valentines Day. As shown in the above discussion through the use of extensive advertising campaigns marketers can influence consumer purchase intention through stimulating emotional need or desire for the new perfume produ ct as well as creating attention and awareness.Identifying and establishing the product position and the roles in the buying process will enable marketers to design and direct advertising at the desired target segments. The use of an established luxury brand to launch the product can influence consumers perceptions of quality and status of the brand and by association the perfume. Whilst credible celebrities can be used in advertising campaigns to take a shit or support brand personality influencing attention, increasing brand recognition and product recall as well as further addressing consumers desire for fulfilment of self-concept needs.Finally operant conditioning through the provision on free samples and testers will be used to shape consumer learning about the new product by positive reinforcement, as well as capturing consumer attention and further increasing brand awareness. By understanding the relevant influences of consumer behaviour to the new product marketers can con trol this theory in order to manipulate the buying intentions and purchase behaviours of consumers and create a successful marketing campaign.